ABSTRACT
Background: Aerobic training is a well-supported as a useful component of an exercise. One of the most common adaptations that occur in this type of training is creating new vessels and increased angiogenesis factors. Aerobic training can be effective on angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training on [Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, VEGF] expression in diabetic rats
Methods: 40 Rats divided to two categories equally, diabetic and non-diabetics rats. In case group, diabetes was created through a combination of streptozotocin [STZ] and high-fat meal. Then each category of diabetic and non-diabetic animals will be divided into two groups: training [6 days per week on a motorized treadmill] and non-training. At first, the rat began for 10 minutes a day and at a speed of 10 meters per minute, with a slope of 10%.Speed and duration of the exercise, gradually increased, until the duration and intensity of exercise respectively to arrive 1 hour and 26 meters per minute. 48 hours after completion of training period, Cardiac muscle will be removed and immediately placed into liquid nitrogen. Cardiac protein expression of VEGF investigated with method of Elisa. For data analysis, One Way Anova and tukey test will be used to find differences between groups
Results: Diabetes significantly decreased cardiac expression of VEGF protein level [control group: 480.67 +/- 14.77 compared with diabetic group: 360.12 +/- 33.35; P<0.001]. Also, 8 weeks of aerobic training significantly increased cardiac VEGF protein level in healthy [control group: 480.67 +/- 14.77 compared with training group: 621.4 +/- 34.06; P<0.001] and diabetic rats [diabetic group: 360.12 +/- 33.35 compared with diabetic training group: 471.88 +/- 25.55; P<0.001]
Conclusion: It seems aerobic training can via angiogenic path incurred diabetes improvement. Also, as for results of yielded from this study and kindle regulatory processes by VEGF that via aerobic training be impressed, it is get worth strategy that it can lead in diabetes on development of new therapy methods
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Ischemia leads to loss of neurons by apoptosis in specific brain regions, especially in the hippocampus. The purpose of this study was investigating the effects of exercise preconditioning on expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 proteins in hippocampal CA1 neurons after induction of cerebral ischemia
Methods: Male rats weighing 260-300 g were randomly allocated into three groups [sham, exercise, and ischemia]. The rats in exercise group were trained to run on a treadmill 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Ischemia was induced by the occlusion of both common carotid arteries [CCAs] for 20 min. Levels of expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 proteins in CA1 area of hippocampus were determined by immunohistochemical staining
Results: The number of active caspase-3-positive neurons in CA1 area were significantly increased in ischemia group, compared to sham-operated group [P<0.001], and exercise preconditioning significantly reduced the ischemia/reperfusion-induced caspase-3 activation, compared to the ischemia group [P<0.05]. Also, results indicated a significant increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in ischemia group, compared to sham-operated group [P<0.001]
Discussion: This study indicated that exercise has a neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia when used as preconditioning stimuli
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , CA1 Region, Hippocampal , Hippocampus , Brain Ischemia , Exercise , bcl-2-Associated X Protein , Caspase 3 , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Human Interferon beta [INF-beta] is a member of cytokines family which different studies have shown its immunomodulatory and antiviral activities. In this study an expression vector was designed and constructed for expression of human INF-beta-1b either in shake flasks or bench top bioreactor. The designed vector was constructed based upon pET-25b[+] with T7 promoter. Recombinant human beta interferon [rhINF-beta] was codon optimized and overexpressed as a soluble, N-terminal pelB fusion protein and secreted into the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli BL21 [DE3]. The sugar, Isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside [IPTG] was used as a chemical inducer for rhINF-beta production in the shake flasks and bench top bioreactor. Timing of beta interferon expression was controlled by using the T7 promoter. The rhINF-beta protein was extracted from periplasmic space by osmotic shock treatment and the expression of the beta interferon encoding gene in random selected transformants, was confirmed by western and dot blot methods. The maximum of product formation achieved at the OD[600nm] = 3.42 was found to be 35% of the total protein content of the strain which translates to 0.32 g L[-1]. The constructed vector could efficiently overexpress the rhINF-beta into the periplasmic space of E. coli. The obtained yield of the produced rhINF-beta was more than previous reports. The system is easily adapted to include other vectors, tags or fusions and therefore has the potential to be broadly applicable to express other recombinant proteins
ABSTRACT
Endurance training improves the activity of G[4] type acetylcholine esterase [AchE] in muscle fibres. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of endurance training [ET] on activity of A12 type of AchE in Flexor Hallucis Longus [FHL] and Soleus [SOL] muscles of rats. 16 male wistar rats [age: 10 weeks and weight: 172.17 +/- 10.080 gr], were randomly divided in 2 groups [control; N=8 and ET; N=8]. Training group carried out 8 weeks [5 session/week] of endurance training on animal treadmill with speed of 10 m/min for 30 min at the first week which was gradually increased to 30 m/min for 60 min [70-80% of VO[2]max] at the last week. Forty eight hours after last session of training, FHL and Sol muscles of animals were moved out under sterilized situation by cutting on posterio-lateral side of hind limb. For separating AchE subunits, homogenization and electrophoresis [0.06 non-denaturaing polyacrilamide] methods were used. AchE activity was measured by Elisa kit. The activity of this protein significantly [p=0.017] increased in SOL muscle of ET group by 119%, but did not changed in FHL. In both groups [ET and Con], FHL muscle had significantly [ET: p=0.028 and Con p=0.01] higher basic levels of AchE activity compared to SOL muscle. This significant increase in AchE of SOL might be indicative of responsiveness of AchE of this muscle following endurance training for improving acetylcholine [Ach] cycle in neuromuscular junction. Endurance training might increase the A[12] type AchE activity to improve the Ach cycle as part of the adaptation of neuromuscular junction to increased level of physical activity
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Human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [hG-CSF] can serve as valuable biopharmaceutical for research and treatment of the human blood cancer. Transplastomic plants have been emerged as a new and high potential candidate for production of recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins in comparison with transgenic plants due to extremely high level expression, biosafety and many other advantages. hG-CSF gene was cloned into pCL vector between prrn16S promoter and TpsbA terminator. The recombinant vector was coated on nanogold particles and transformed to lettuce chloroplasts through biolistic method. Callogenesis and regeneration of cotyledonary explants were obtained by Murashige and Skoog media containing 6-benzylaminopurine and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid hormones. The presence of hG-CSF gene in plastome was studied with four specific PCR primers and expression by Western immunoblotting. hG-CSF gene cloning was confirmed by digestion and sequencing. Transplastomic lettuce lines were regenerated and subjected to molecular analysis. The presence of hG-CSF in plastome was confirmed by PCR using specific primers designed from the plastid genome. Western immunoblotting of extracted protein from transplastomic plants showed a 20-kDa band, which verified the expression of recombinant protein in lettuce chloroplasts. This study is the first report that successfully express hG-CSF gene in lettuce chloroplast. The lettuce plastome can provide a cheap and safe expression platform for producing valuable biopharmaceuticals for research and treatment
Subject(s)
Plastids , Lactuca , Gene ExpressionABSTRACT
Exercise in high altitude and hypoxia decreases aerobic power and increases oxidative stress and lactic acid. Due to the metabolic and antioxidant properties of L-Carnitine, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term L-Carnitine supplementation on endurance performance and cell damage in acute hypoxia. For this purpose, 16 active men after VO2max measurement in normoxia were divided into 2 groups of supplement and placebo. Supplement group received L-Carnitine and placebo group received placebo [sugar] for 10 days [3 g every day]. After eight days of supplementation period, VO2max in hypoxia condition was determined as well as normoxia. Then 1 day after supplementation, individuals participated in submaximal test [60%VO2max for 1 hour]. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 1 hour after recovery for determining lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], creatin kinase [CK] and malondialdehyde [MDA]. The result showed that short-term supplementation with L-Carnitine had no effect on VO2max [p=0.83], respiratory exchange ratio [RER] [p=0.314] and lactic acid, but it caused significant decrease in LDH [p=0.001], CH [p=0.001] and MDA [p=0.001] after submaximal activity. It can be concluded that short-term supplementation of L-Carnitine doesn't influence VO2max and lactate, but it may decrease cell damage.
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Rapid changes experienced after child birth expose mothers to unpleasant experiences such as disturbances in sleep pattern. These experiences threaten health of mothers and infants. Some studies have shown that exercise can be an effective and nonpharmacologic method in improving sleep quality. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise on sleep quality among postpartum mothers. This was a randomized clinical trial. Eighty primiparous women aged 18-35 years were recruited from health centers in Rafsanjan in 2009. The inclusion criteria were singleton pregnancy, lack of any acute and chronic physical and mental illnesses, having healthy and term babies, and having vaginal deliveries. Participants were randomly allocated to the intervention [n=40] and control [n=40] groups. Women in the intervention group received five 30-minutes sessions of Pilates weekly for eight weeks. The PSQI instrument was used to measure the related variables at baseline, forth and eighth weeks after the deliveries. Data were analyzed using the repeated measures ANOVA. Significant improvement was seen in the intervention group within eight weeks follow-up; the interaction within time and group was significant [P=0.02]. Comparison of mean sleep quality between the two groups has shown that the intervention was effective [P<0.001]. The Pilates exercise was effective in improving quality of sleep in postpartum period
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It seems that vitamin-mineral supplementation reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress. However, the adaptation occurred after vitamin-mineral supplementation, especially in pubertal, age is not clear yet. Therefore this study is aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin-mineral supplementation on anti-oxidant enzymes, Malone Dialdehyde [MDA], and performance in young elite swimmers in pubertal age. Twenty-four female elite swimmers [12.93 +/- 1.22] volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly divide into two groups: vitamin-mineral supplemented [N=12] and control [N=12] groups. Both groups participated in a monthly swimming program [they trained three times a week for a total of four weeks]. They swam almost 3.5 to 4 km/day Blood sampling was done before and after training period to assess anti oxidant enzymes. 100 m crawl records were measured at the beginning and at the end of training period. Independent t test and paired sample t test were used to analyze the data. Antioxidant enzymes increased in vitamin-mineral supplemented group but this increase was only significant in superoxide dismutase [p<0.04]. In control groups, glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px] significantly decreased [p<0.01]. In between-groups comparison, superoxide dismutase [p<0.04] and GSH-Px [p<0.002] had a significant change at the end of the period. No significant change was observed in MDA and swimming performance in both groups. Vitamin/mineral supplementation especially during heavy swimming training was found to improve some antioxidant enzymes performance during pubertal age that can be considered by coaches in high level
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Vitamins , Minerals , Athletes , Oxidative Stress , SwimmingABSTRACT
Antibodies provide a suitable tool in fundamental research and their high affinity and specificity make them invaluable for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. A promising alternative to conventional antibodies are the heavy chain antibodies [VHH] of Camelidae having short length, high solubility and stability are preferred to other antibody derivatives. In this study, our goal was production of recombinant VHH antibody fragments [against cancer associated mucin, MUC1] in tobacco plants. The VHH gene cDNA was cloned in TA vector and then subcloned into a plant expression binary vector pBI 121. The VHH gene was inserted into the plant genome by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The presence of VHH gene in transformed plants was confirmed by PCR. Western blot analysis showed that the recombinant VHH protein was expressed in tobacco plant. ELISA results with MUC1 antigen confirmed that the biological activity and antigen-specific responses of the plant derived VHH protein compare favorably with that of the parent recombinant antibodies. This is the first report of production of camelied VHH antibody against tumor specific antigen from two-humped camel [Camelus bactrianus] in plants